SOCIAL CLEAVAGES differ from one society to another, due to diverse factors, and can have differing effects. SOCIAL CLEAVAGES in Israel are unique and peculiar to that society, stemming from its particular historical conditions. The very fact that this society has been formed by an immigrant population sets it quite apart from other societies formed by [mostly] indigenous population – which can be called a “natural society.” Moreover, the society has been formed through the rapid immigration in a relatively short period of a large number of Jewish groups from different societies, and not the result of a gradual and long–term process. The present article, drawing upon the theory developed by Regan Chris which takes a maximalist approach to SOCIAL CLEAVAGES, tries to study existing CLEAVAGES in the Israeli society and assess their impact on SOCIAL cohesion and national identity, and finally on Israel's national security.

After the Second World War, universities had been permanently one of the main centers for student movements. Since the Reza Pahlavi's rule in Iran, we have seen the formation of a new SOCIAL movement. They have had a critical approach to political power and the structure of government. The increase in the student activities are closely related to the creation of more SOCIAL CLEAVAGES and conflicts. If SOCIAL movements particularly student movement possess radical nature, the ground for the emergence of radicalism will be established in SOCIAL action of student groups. As a result generally power structure tries to reduce political cleavage through reproducing of nation-state relations. This could happen whenever the " (massed) condensed CLEAVAGES" turn into the "CROSSED CLEAVAGES". On the one hand, and the ground was paved for changing the vertical SOCIAL contrasts into the horizontal SOCIAL competition on the other. Inattention to the process would lead to producing radical space in political and SOCIAL action of student movement. The essay tries to examine and evaluate the signs of action toward the political structure in four historical periods which include pre-cultural revolution, Iran-Iraq war, construction and the reform period.

SOCIAL cleavage is a criterion and index for dividing the members of a society to various groups in different time and space spans. Various forms of SOCIAL cleavage may emerge in different societies, and then make specific structures within those societies. Being formed of a family-tribal structure, Mamasani County faces some structurally or accidently active or passive conflicts. The conflicts have made SOCIAL CLEAVAGES in different parts of the city with particular consequences. The research then intended to see what the major SOCIAL CLEAVAGES of Mamasani are and to see what the kinds and formation of the CLEAVAGES. The aim, therefore, is identifying and explicating various kinds of SOCIAL CLEAVAGES in Mamasani County. Library and document studies as well as field observations were used for collecting the data for the descriptive-analytical study. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the study showed that gender, generation, ethnic, class, tradition, and modernity CLEAVAGES, as well as dominating groups and SOCIAL forces dominate the main tribal and geographical CLEAVAGES of the county and have made a condensed two-section community, so that they have affected other socio-cultural, economic and political matters.

Objective: Ethnic groups in Iran have internal SOCIAL CLEAVAGES that affect their political life. The Arabs living in Iran are no exception to this rule and despite their linguistic and religious unity, they have some internal SOCIAL CLEAVAGES that have political consequences at different levels. Examining these CLEAVAGES and their political consequences is the main concern of this article. Therefore, in this regard, we raised the question, what kind of SOCIAL CLEAVAGES do the Arabs living in Iran have within their ethnicity, and what political consequences did this issue have?Method: This article is written using descriptive-analytical method and based on library sources and interview technique.Findings: To reach this goal, we tried to investigate the historical process of intra-ethnic CLEAVAGES and its political consequences with the approach of historical sociology and using the technique of library studies along with interviews with researchers. The research results showed traditional and modern SOCIAL cleavage such as "Tribal cleavage"; "City-Tribe cleavage"; "generational cleavage"; and "gender cleavage" along with some political CLEAVAGES such as "ideological and organizational cleavage" which can be categorized as "modernity" and "convergence-divergence" cleavage. These CLEAVAGES among the Arabs have caused their political identity should be plural.Conclusion: From the beginning of the formation of ethnic movements, one of the important factors in the failure of some separatist currents in bringing all ethnic groups together is the existence of intra-ethnic pluralism and diverse intra-ethnic political currents.

The evolution of human societies has been accompanied by shaping political CLEAVAGES. The emergence of the nation state system and its development deepened and institutionalized political CLEAVAGES in their various aspects. These CLEAVAGES, if continue, can foster political rivalries and division and would have a great impact on the political destiny of states. In fact, political behavior and electoral competition result from active CLEAVAGES in different times in various political systems. Therefore, political CLEAVAGES are among important topics of politics and are considered as major problems for states. The processes of modernization and democratization are coupled with the emergence of new CLEAVAGES that the recognition of them is necessary for maintaining political stability and equilibrium and developing the civil society. Previously, in an article titled "European System and Active Political CLEAVAGES", class, religious and climatic (territorial) CLEAVAGES discussed. This article tries to study new political CLEAVAGES in Europe. In fact, the main question is that how much tradition political CLEAVAGES still influence political behavior. Given the dynamism of human societies and the domination of pluralist models in European democratic regimes, we always witness the emergence and growth of new conflicts and CLEAVAGES apt for being politicized and influencing political structures. Therefore, this article studies new cleavage appeared in the post–Cold War era in European societies with their great potentials as active political CLEAVAGES.

The issue of the Kurds has been one of the most challenging ethnic issues in contemporary Iran. Most of researches that have been done in connection with the Kurds, have focused on how this ethnic relate to the sovereignty, and less has been done on the internal socio-political life of the Kurds. In other words, the main assumption of most of the researches related to the Kurds emphasizes the homogeneity of the Kurdish community, while from the point of view of this article, the Kurds are not a homogenous group like many other communities. The dynamics of Kurds' SOCIAL transformation, which are based on the two distinctions of tradition-modernity and convergence-divergence, have led to the emergence of SOCIAL CLEAVAGES among them. Therefore, in this regard, we have tried to examine the most important SOCIAL CLEAVAGES and their political consequences among the Kurds with using the Historical Sociological approach, and the library studies and interview techniques. The results of this research showed a set of traditional and modern SOCIAL construction CLEAVAGES such as tribal, religious, linguistic, generational, and gender CLEAVAGES along with some political CLEAVAGES such as ideological conflicts, political elites' competitions, and conflicts. Party and intra-party differences among the Kurds have caused the political identity of the Kurds to be a plural political identity and no political movement among the Kurds can ever become hegemonic.

From the Constitutional Revolution till the Islamic Revolution, the Iranian society witnessed a great deal of political turmoil, vast and successive unrest in the realm of the politics. Enquiry in the nature of the relation of these events with the complexity of the SOCIAL structure of the country, forms the focal point of the present study. In our study of the SOCIAL structure, despite focusing into the SOCIAL classes, and the emerged gaps between the different SOCIAL groups and the effects of ethnic and regional CLEAVAGES in the evolve of political crisis during the events of Mashrooteh, the article also considers the rise of Reza Khan, the nationalization of the oil industry and the Islamic revolution.The article argues that the study of the formation of the successive political unrests in the country should be connected to a multi-layer SOCIAL structure and its related political ideologies. Thus, the article also focuses on the nature of the populist .movements of this period while keeps its relation with the SOCIAL structure in the mind. These events could not happen if the CLEAVAGES in the SOCIAL cohesions did not lead to the gaps in the organically established relation which used to canalize the relation in and out of the classes. A fast review of the SOCIAL changes and class relations in Iran shows that due to the fast economic and cultural changes, in several points during this period, the SOCIAL gaps and breaks have occurred. The developments of these SOCIAL CLEAVAGES were the main ground for the occurrence of the populist movements during the concerned period of this study.

The aim of this paper is to introduce the notion of cat1−, groupoids which are the groupoid version of cat1−, groups and to prove the categorical equivalence between CROSSED modules over groupoids and cat1−, groupoids. In section 4 we introduce the notions of CROSSED squares over groupoids and of cat2−, groupoids, and then we show their categories are equivalent. These equivalences enable us to obtain more examples of groupoids.

The ethical actions are important because of the priority of the mission goal and their close relationship with SOCIAL progress and development. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the identification and SOCIAL analysis of these types of actions among the verses of revelation and it deals with the effect of ethical actions in the production of SOCIAL capital in the process of progress based on religious teachings and answers these questions based on the Quranic teachings. What impact do ethical actions (behavior) have on the formation of SOCIAL progress? How do moral actions generate SOCIAL capital and influence progress (development)? What coordinates, examples and dimensions does this group of actions have? What are the effects and consequences of this group of actions? Those actions that are desirable and progressive in the development of SOCIAL interactions have been SOCIALly studied, analyzed and searched by using the inductive content analysis method. Honesty, trustworthiness and fulfillment of an obligation, altruism (Arabic: إیثار, self-sacrifice), asking forgiveness or istighfār (Arabic: استغفار ʾistiġfār), and forgiving others, kindness, non-violence, chastity and purity, patience and honesty and benevolent actions combined with SOCIAL supervision have been discussed, which lead to sincerity, togetherness, coherence and expansion of SOCIAL interactions and emotional relationships far from hatred and warm and emotional relationships and as a result, it causes the production of SOCIAL capital and its improvement and will lead to the density of actions focused on purpose and excellence that are necessary for progress.